BROWN CORPUS MAUNAL

MANUAL OF INFORMATION
to accompany
A Standard Corpus of Present-Day
Edited American English, for use
with Digital Computers.

by
W. N. Francis
H. Kucera
Brown University

Providence, Rhode Island
Department of Linguistics
Brown University
1964

Revised 1971

Revised and Amplified
1979

PREFACE

To Revised Edition, 1979

This Manual was first published in 1964, when the Standard Sample of Present-Day American English (the Brown Corpus) was first made available. *) A revised edition was issued in 1971, principally to incorporate information about the text turned up in seven years of use. The present revision is more extensive, since it includes information about recently prepared versions of the Corpus, notably the «tagged» text completed at Brown University in 1979. Two complete proofreadings of the Corpus have resulted in corrections of two kinds: errors in the preparation of the original tape, which have been silently corrected in recently issued copies, and further typographical errors and anomalies in the underlying text, which have been recorded in the descriptions of individual samples on pages 33-176. (Most of these were listed on corrigenda sheets which have been enclosed with recently issued copies of the Manual and incorporated in this web-version.)

We wish to record here our thanks to all those who have sent in information about errors in the Corpus, and our special gratitude to those who have worked on the production of alternate versions of the Corpus, notably Gerald M. Rubin, Barbara Greene Levine, Sandra Pearce, Patricia Strauss, Stephen Ritz, Andrew Mackie, Jostein Hauge, and Donald Sherman (a partial list). At the time of writing, more than 160 copies of the Corpus are in circulation, and a recent bibliography of published works using or referring to the Corpus includes 57 items (ICAME News, No. 2, Bergen, March 1979, pp. 9-12).

* The original Standard Corpus was prepared under a grant from the Cooperative Research Program of the U.S. Office of Education.

W. Nelson Francis - Henry Kucera
Brown University
July 1979.

1. CONTENTS
2. VERSIONS OF THE CORPUS
3. CODING PROCEDURE OF FORM A
4. THE TAGGED VERSION
LIST OF TAGS
5. COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS
6. BASIC TECHNICAL INFORMATION
7. THE INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES
LIST OF SAMPLES

1. CONTENTS

This Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English consists of 1,014,312 wordsl of running text of edited English prose printed in the United States during the calendar year 1961. So far as it has been possible to determine, the writers were native speakers of American English. Although all of the material first appeared in print in the year 1961, some of it was undoubtedly written earlier. However, no material known to be a second edition or reprint of earlier text has been included.
The Corpus is divided into 500 samples of 2000+ words each. Each sample begins at the beginning of a sentence but not necessarily of a paragraph or other larger division, and each ends at the first sentenceending after 2000 words.2 The samples represent a wide range of styles and varieties of prose. Verse was not included on the ground that it presents special linguistic problems different from those of prose. (Short verse passages quoted in prose samples are kept, however.) Drama was excluded as being the imaginative recreation of spoken discourse, rather than true written discourse. Fiction was included, but no samples were admitted which consisted of more than 50% dialogue. Samples were chosen for their representative quality rather than for any subjectively determined excellence. The use of the word standard in the title of the Corpus does not in any way mean that it is put forward as «standard English»; it merely expresses the hope that this corpus will be used for comparative studies where it is important to use the same body of data. Since the preparation and input of data is a major bottleneck in computer work, the intent was to make available a carefully chosen and prepared body of material of considerable size in standardised format. The corpus may further prove to be standard in setting the pattern for the preparation and presentation of further bodies of data in English or in other languages.3
The selection procedure was in two phases: an initial subjective classification and decision as to how many samples of each category would be used, followed by a random selection of the actual samples within each category. In most categories the holding of the Brown University Library and the Providence Athenaeum were treated as the universe from which the random selections were made. But for certain categories it was necessary to go beyond these two cellections. For the daily press, for example, the list of American newspapers of which the New York Public Library keeps microfilms files was used (with the addition of the Providence Journal). Certain categories of chiefly ephemeral material necessitated rather arbitrary decisions; some periodical materials in the categories Skills and Hobbies and Popular Lore were chosen from the contents of one of the largest second-hand magazine stores in New York City.
The list of main categories and their subdivisions was drawn up at a conference held at Brown University in February 1963.4 The participants in the conference also independently gave their opinions as to the number of samples there should be in each category. These figures were averaged to obtain the preliminary set of figures used. A few changes were later made on the basis of experience gained in making the selections. Finer subdivision was based on proportional amounts of actual publication during 1961.5 The list of main categories with their principal subdivisions and the number of samples in each follows:

I. Informative Prose 374 samples

A. Press: Reportage
Political	Daily 10	Weekly 4	Total 14
Sports	5	2	7
Society	3	0	3
Spot News	7	2	9
Financial	3	1	4
Cultural	5	2	7
Total	44

B. Press: Editorial
Institutional	Daily 7	Weekly 3	Total 10
Personal	7	3	10
Letters to the Editor	5	2	7
Total	27

C. Press: Reviews (theatre, books, music, dance)
	Daily 14	Weekly 3	Total 17

D. Religion
Books	7
Periodicals	6
Tracts	4
Total	17

E. Skills and Hobbies
Books	2
Periodicals	34
Total	36

F. Popular Lore
Books	23
Periodicals	25
Total	48

G. Belles Lettres, Biography, Memoirs, etc.
Books	38
Periodicals	37
Total	75

H. Miscellaneous
Government Documents	24
Foundation Reports	2
Industry Reports	2
College Catalog	1
Industry House organ	1
Total	30

J. Learned
Natural Sciences	12
Medicine	5
Mathematics	4
Social and Behavioral Sciences	14
Political Science, Law, Education	15
Humanities	18
Technology and Engineering	12
Total	80

II. Imaginative Prose 126 Samples

K. General Fiction
Novels	20
Short Stories	9
Total	29

L. Mystery and Detective Fiction
Novels	20
Short Stories	4
Total	24

M. Science Fiction
Novels	3
Short Stories	3
Total	6

N. Adventure and Western Fiction
Novels	15
Short Stories	14
Total	29

P. Romance and Love Story
Novels	14
Short Stories	15
Total	29

R. Humor
Novels	3
Essays, etc.	6
Total	9

GRAND TOTAL	500

l. Owing to subsequent corrections, this total may be in error by as much as 20, plus or minus.

2. In a few cases the count erroneously extended over this limit, but the extra material has been allowed to remain. Owing to errors in the rough count, 15 samples have between 1,990 and 1,999 words, and 3 have fewer than 1,990. The average length is 2,028.6.

3. This expectation has been realised by the preparation of a corpus of British English replicating as closely as possible the format of the Brown Corpus - the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus, prepared by Geoffrey Leech and Stig Johansson.

4. Participants in the conference were John B. Carroll, W. Nelson Francis, Philip B. Gove, Henry Kucera, Patricia O'Connor, and Randolph Quirk.

5. Determined where possible from the monthly Lexicon Book Publishing Record, published by R. R. Bowker Company, New York, New York.

Once these categories, subcategories, and numbers of samples had been decided upon, the choice of the actual samples was made by various random methods, chiefly the use of a table of random numbers applied to the total list of available publications in the subject field in question. The page on which to begin the sample was also selected by the random number table. Each sample begins with the first complete sentence on the page so selected. Titles and running heads have been omitted, also footnotes, tables, and picture captions. A rough count of 2,000 words was made and the sample was terminated at the next sentence-break. For purposes of this count a word was defined as any string of characters which would appear in the final coding (to be described below) with space on either side, except for the code indicators of paragraph beginnings. A sentence was defined as a string of such words beginning with a capital and ending with a final mark (. ! or ?) followed by space and a capital, excluding obvious abbreviations. In some cases the sentence final mark may not be followed by space; see under Quotations below. Subsequently a more accurate count was made by the computer.
Each sample was given a code number consisting of the letter designating its category on the list above followed by a two-digit number. Thus A01 is the first sample under Press: Reportage and G75 is the last under Belles Lettres. No special order was followed within each category, though in cost cases the members of each subcategory appear in sequence. In general, however, the sequence within each mayor category was determined by the order of selection.
For all copyrighted material used, the permission of the copyright holder has been obtained. Details of copyright permission are included in the separate listing of the samples on pages 33-176.

2. VERSIONS OF THE CORPUS

Six versions of the Corpus are available. All contain the same basic text, but they differ in typography and format.

(1) Form A. This is the original form of the Corpus, as it was prepared in 1963-64. The limitations of computer printing facilities at that time required that it use an elaborate coding procedure, which is described in Section 3 below.

(2) Form B. This is the «stripped» version, from which all punctuation symbols and codes except hyphens, apostrophes, and symbols for formulas and ellipses have been omitted. It is especially useful for those who are interested in individual words, and was used in the preparation of the frequency tables in Kucera and Francis, Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English (Providence: Brown University Press, 1967).

(3) Form C. This is the «tagged» version, which makes use of a partially stripped text in which only proper name capitalisation and those punctuation marks which are of grammatical significance have been retained. Each individual word (token) in this version has been given a grammatical tag from a list of 81, each specifying a particular word-class. The nature and rationale of this tagging are explained in full in Section 4 below.

(4) Bergen Form I. This version and the following were prepared at the Norwegian Computational Center for Humanistic Research (NAVF's EDB-senter for humanistisk forskning) at the University of Bergen under the direction of Dr. Jostein Hauge. Both contain upper- and lower-case letters, regular punctuation marks, and a minimum of special codes. In this version, typographic information is preserved and the same line division is used as in the original version except that words at the end of the line are never divided.

(5) Bergen Form II. In this version typographical information is somewhat reduced and a new longer line is used. This version is available on microfiche, together with a complete KWIC concordance, from the EDB-senter (Harald Haarfagresgt. 31, University of Bergen, N-5007 Bergen, Norway).

(6) Brown MARC Form. This version was prepared at Stanford University. It is designed to be compatible with two commonly used research techniques which are appropriate for large textual corpora:

This is thus a variable-length record format, using the sentence as a single record. It is available from the Stanford Computer Archive of Language Materials (CALM), Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.

3. CODING PROCEDURE OF FORM A

The basic coding procedure followed in Form A is that devised for the U. S. Patent Office and described in the pamphlet A Notation System for Transliterating Technical and Scientific Texts for Use in Data Processing Systems, by Simon M. Newman, Rowena W. Swanson, and Kenneth Knowlton (Patent Office Research and Development Reports, No. 15, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1959). This was the only complete coding system that we could find in 1963. But since this system was devised for the relatively stereotyped format of U. S. patents, and since it was our intent to include as much as possible of the graphic detail of the basic texts, it was necessary to make several modifications in the system. Accordingly, the whole system, as modified, will be briefly described here; users of the Corpus may refer to the Patent Office publication for full details.
The basic unit of text is the single line of 80 spaces, contained on a single IBM punched card, transferred in card image to the magnetic tape. The first 70 spaces contain text and the last nine a location marker uniquely identifying that line of text. Space 71 is blank.

Location Marker. The first four spaces of the location marker contain a line number, treated as a three-digit number with one decimal position. Normally the fourth digit is 0. but if it was necessary to correct punching errors by inserting one or more cards into the text after the original numbering was made, the fourth digit was used.6 The next two spaces of all location markers contain the characters E1, the label of this corpus (English Corpus No. 1). The last three spaces of the location marker contain the code designation of the individual sample. A new set of card numbers is begun for each sample. Thus 00l0BlA01 designates the first line of sample A01, hence the first line of the Corpus. 0185E1G75 designates a line inserted between 0180 and 0190 of sample G75. The last line of each sample is blank.

6. Very rarely are there two or more correction cards in sequence. If so, their decimal numbers are in sequence. Single correction cards sometimes have the decimal 1 and sometimes 5.

Text. The text normally occupies spaces 1-70 of each line, running continuously from line to line without regard to word endings. No hyphens are used when a word is broken at the end of a line; it is simply run over without space onto the next line. If a word ends at space 70 of a line, the first space of the next line is left blank. If a word ends at space 69, space 70 is left blank and the next line normally begins on space 1. However, owing to corrections, many lines are not filled out. In this case two conventions have been used: (1) any number of blank spaces from 1 to 68 is considered a single space, and (2) the character * followed by space means «cancel the * and all following spaces.» Thus text reading

TELEVISION IMPULSES, SOUND WAVES, ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS, ETC**., THAT MAY	1020ElF03
OC*	1025ElF03
CUPY THE VERY SAME SPACE, EACH SOLITARY UPON ITS OWN FREQUENCY, IS INF	1030ElF03
INITE. *SO WE MAY CONCEIVE THE COEXISENCE OF THE INFINITE NUMBER OF U	1040ElF03
NIVERSAL, APPARENTLY MOMENTARY STATES OF MATTER, SUCCESSIVE ONE AFTER	1050ElF03
ANOTHER IN CONSCIOUSNESS, BUT PERMANENT EACH ON ITS OWN BASIC PHASE O	1060ElF03
F THE PROGRESSIVE FREQUENCIES. *THIS THEORY MAKES IT POSSIBLE FOR ANY	1070ElF03
EVENT THROUGHOUT ETERNITY TO BE CONTINUOUSLY AVAILABLE at ANY MOMENT T	1080ElF03
O CONSCIOUSNESS. *	l090ElF03

is to be read as transliterating

television impulses, sound waves, ultra-violet rays, etc., that may occupy the very same space, each solitary upon its own frequency, is infinite. So we may conceive the coexistence of the infinite number of universal, apparently momentary states of matter, successive one after another in consciousness, but permanent each on its own basic phase of the progressive frequencies. This theory makes it possible for any event throughout eternity to be continuously available at any moment to consciousness.

Headings and Paragraph Divisions. The coding **N is used to mean «begin mayor heading» and the coding **P to mean «end mayor heading.» By «mayor heading» is meant the heading of the largest subdivision of the text that falls within the sample. If a whole sample falls within a single chapter of a book, for example, these codings are used for the largest subheads, if any, within the chapter. But if a sample straddles a chapter break, these codings are used for the chapter heading. Where there is a mayor break in the text without a heading, these symbols are run together as **N**P.
Minor headings are indicated by the beginning symbol **A and the closing symbol **T. Even in the case of elaborately subdivided material, these symbols are used for all subdivisions below the largest, down to and including the paragraph. The beginning of a minor subdivision without heading is indicated by **R**T.
No indications of capitals, italics, and other graphic features are made within headings.

Special Types. A passage in italics is marked by the beginning symbol *= and the closing symbol *$. If the italicised passage is smaller than a word, these symbols are included in the word without spacing; thus incredible would be coded IN*=CRED*$IBLE. Similarly, bold-faced type is indicated by the begin and close symbols **= and **$. Initial capitals are indicated by a prefixed * (Since this is not followed by a blank, it will not cancel itself.) Passages of more than a single letter in capitals, whether large or small, are marked by the begin symbol **(and the close symbol **).
Greek letters are marked by a preceding **Y for lower case and **Z for upper case, according to the following table of equivalents

Characters in other alphabets, Tyne ornaments, and other typographical features for which no coding is supplied are indicated by the cover symbol **B.

Abbreviations. The period marking an abbreviation is coded **. to distinguish it from the ordinary sentence-ending period. When an abbreviation comes at the end of a sentence, the coding **.. is used to indicate the double function of the period. Abbreviations not marked by a period are treated as symbols (see below).

Symbols. Combinations of letters without a following period (except at the end of a sentence) and not constituting a genuine word are defined as symbols and are preceded by the code marker **J. The domain of this marker continues to the next space or mark of punctuation (including hyphen).

Formulas. Combinations of letters, numbers, and other symbols which also include operator symbols (such as +, =, exponents, subscripts) are defined as formulas and are replaced by the code **F. A formula, no matter how long, is thus counted as a single word in the word count.

Numbers. Numbers which are not part of formulas are reproduced normally, including the decimal point, which is distinguished from the period by the fact that it is not followed by space. The superscript °. for degrees of angle or temperature is indicated by *+0. Superscript numbers, letters, or other characters indicating footnotes are ignored. All other superscripts and all subscripts are within formulas and thus are omitted.
Roman numerals are indicated by the begin and close symbols */ and *, with the equivalent Arabic numeral placed between them. Thus */8*, stands for VIII.

Punctuation. The following codes are used for punctuation and other graphic features:

**A = ' (apostrophe, single quote)	**U = " (end quotation)
**B = uncoded character(s)	**X = !
**C = :	+ = + or &
**D = (diaeresis or umlaut)	*( = [
**F = formula	*) = ]
**I = ?	*$ = end italics or underscoring
**J = begin symbol	*/ = begin Roman numeral
**K = %	*, = end Roman numeral
**N = begin major heading	*+0 = ° (degree)
NP = begin major division without heading	**- = -- (dash)
**P = end major heading	**= = begin bold face
**Q = " (begin quotation)	**$ = end bold face
**R = begin minor heading	**( = begin capitalisation
RT = begin minor division without heading	**) = end capitalisation
**S = ;	**. = abbreviation period
**T = end minor heading	**.. = abbreviation period at end of sentence

With the exception of **Q **N **R ( *( **( **/ and sometimes certain other marks as described under Quotations below, marks of punctuation are followed by space. **A is not followed by space when it is an internal apostrophe: thus can't is transliterated CAN**AT. Period is not followed by space when it is a decimal point. **D follows the letter over which the diaeresis or umlaut symbol appears; thus naive is transliterated NAI**DVE. An ellipsis at the end of a sentence, indicated in the text by four periods, is indicated by **H followed by period without intervening space. (An ellipsis is counted as a single word in the word count). Where the text has only three suspension points at the end of a sentence, **H is used without following period.
A mark of punctuation following a passage in italics or bold-face is put after the close special type marker unless it clearly belongs to the special type. This gives the following transliterations:

box.	BOX*$.	box-	BOX*$-
box!	BOX*X$	box!	BOX$*X
box,	BOX,*$	box,	BOX*$,
box"	BOX*U$	box"	BOX$*U

Quotations. The Patent Office procedure of placing all punctuation marks after the close-quote symbol was followed. This leads to ambiguity, in that the distinction between an exclamation point or question mark inside a quotation and one outside it is lost. Thus the two sentences:

You said, «He's coming?»
You said, «He's coming»?

will both be transcribed *YOU SAID, **Q*HE**AS COMING**U**I This is one occasion where it would have been wiser to depart from the Patent Office code. An exception has been made when the punctuation mark belongs to a special type but the end-quote mark does not. Thus

You said, «He's coming!»

will be transcribed *YOU SAID, **Q*HE**AS *=COMING**X*$**U in contrast to the following:

You said, «He's coming!» *YOU SAID, **Q*HE**AS *=COMING**U**X*$
You said, «He's coming» *YOU SAID, **Q*HE**AS *=COMING*$**U**X

The same applies to single quotes, indicated by **A as both open and close symbol. Some inconsistencies may have got into the text in this regard.
«Blocked» quotations, indicated by lefthand indentation, smaller type, or both, are treated as if enclosed within quotation marks. This includes also blocked quotations of verse, whose irregular line endings have not been marked.

Hyphenation. Unambiguous hyphens in the text have been preserved. Hyphens at the ends of lines of the original text are ambiguous, since they may be meant to indicate hyphenated words, in which case they are to be preserved, or merely broken words, in which case they are to be ignored. The following practices were followed with line-end hyphens:

i.e.

New International Dictionary, Third edition.

Typographical Errors and Inconsistencies. No alterations have been made in the original text, even in the case of obvious typographical errors, misspellings, typographical inconsistencies, etc. All such errors that were observed have been recorded in the detailed listings. Users of the Corpus detecting errors not so recorded are urged to report them to the authors at the Department of Linguistics, Box E, Brown University, Providence R.I. 02912 so that future copies of the tape or this manual may be corrected.

4. THE TAGGED VERSION

In the tagged version of the Corpus (Form C), each individual word is furnished with a brief tag which assigns it to a specific word-class. There are 82 of these tags, which are listed on pages 23-25. They are of six kinds:

not

there,

to,

be,

have ,

S = plural	D = past tense
$ = possessive	Z = 3rd singular verb
R = comparative	N = past participle
T = superlative	G = present participle or gerund
O = objective case of pronoun

Since the purpose of the tagged corpus is to facilitate automatic or semi-automatic syntactic analysis, the rationale of the tagging system is basically syntactic, though some morphological distinctions with little or no syntactic significance have also been recognized. On the whole, the taxonomy is traditional and should be transparent to the grammarian, but in some areas distinctions have been made that may not be immediately obvious. They will be briefly explained here. The full rationale for the system is presented in Automatic Grammatical Tagging of English, by Barbara B. Greene and Gerald M. Rubin (Providence: Brown Univ., 1971.)

The Noun Phrase. The model for this consists of a head preceded by a determiner sector and a modifier sector. The center of the determiner sector is the determiner itself, of which three basic kinds are recognized: articles, a/an and the, tagged AT; deictics, this, that, another each, tagged DT, with the plurals these, those tagged DTS, and the duals either, neither, which may also function as part of correlative conjunctions, tagged DTX; quantifiers some, any, not marked for number, tagged DTI. Preceding the determiner are the pre-quantifiers all, half, tagged ABN, and both, tagged ABX since it may also be part of a correlative conjunction. Between the determiner and the modifier position various elements may appear: a set of post-determiners, tagged AP, mostly but not all quantifiers such as many, more, most, several, single, with some particularizers such as past, next, some, only; cardinal and ordinal numerals, tagged CD and OD respectively; possessive nouns and pronouns, all having tags ending in $. The modifier sector may have positive, comparative, or superlative adjectives, tagged JJ, JJR, and JJT, and present and past participles, tagged VBG and VBN. Adjectives may be modified by qualifiers, such as rather, very, too, tagged QL, or followed by the post-qualifiers enough, indeed, tagged QLP. In general, adverbs in -ly immediately preceding and clearly qualifying an adjective or adverb are commonly tagged QL rather than the general adverb tag RB. Examples are exceedingly, sufficiently, terribly, unusually. The concept 'qualifier' has thus been rather broadly understood. Certain adjectives which are semantically superlative and thus never compared are given the tag JJS; examples are chief, head, main, prime, principal, single, top.
A difficult taxonomic problem is posed by the fact that in English a large variety of words may appear as noun-modifiers between the determiner sector and the noun head. The tagging system makes provision for three kinds: adjectives, participles, and nominals. The problem lies in the fact that by compounding (open, hyphened, or closed), suffixation, or simple adjunction, English permits a bewildering variety of words, many of them nonce-constructions, to fill this position. Especially difficult are words or compounds with the suffixes -ed and -ing and/or the prefix un-. The following rules have been followed:

long-range, high-energy;

-ed

-ing

untied, downgraded, outdistancing, double-crossing.

very tired, rather entertaining.

officer, weather report;

Words ending in -TYPE: SANDWICH-TYPE
Noun-Adj. combinations: FANCY-FREE, SCREW-LOOSE, SHOULDER-HIGH
Noun-pres. part. constructions: RUN-SCORING, SALES-BUILDING, LAW-ABIDING
Noun-past part. constructions: HOME-MADE, ROCK-STREWN (both of these also occur solid in the Corpus)
Noun-noun+-ED combinations: SHIRT-SLEEVED
Adj.-noun+-ED combinations: SHORT-SKIRTED, SLIM-WAISTED
Miscellaneous combinations: SHOW-OFFY, SIGNAL-TO-NOISE, SMASH-'EM-DOWN (modifying ADVENTURES), SNOB-CLANNISH, TOPSY-TURVY, TO-THE-DEATH, TONGUE-IN-CHEEK, TOO-SIMPLE-TO-BE-TRUE, UNIQUE-INGROWN-SCREWEDUP, ROUND-THE-CLOCK, DAY-AFTER-DAY

Both HIGH-POWER and HIGH-POWERED occur in the Corpus; the procedures outlined above tag the first of these NN and the second JJ.

In the head position, common nouns are tagged NN, with NNS used for the plural and NN$, NNS$ for possessive forms. «Proper nouns are tagged NP, NPS, etc. See Cpitalized Words, Titles, and Proper Nouns.»

The Verbal Phrase. Verbs in the base form, regardless of syntactic function, are tagged VB. The inflected forms of normal verbs are marked with the suffix tags Z (3rd. singular), D (past tense), N (past participle), and G (present participle/gerund). Modal auxiliaries, regardless of tense, are all tagged MD. The verbs be, have, and do, whether serving as auxiliaries or as full verbs, have the special tags BE, HV, and DO, with inflectional variants (exceptions: doing and done are tagged VBG and VBN). This permits the ready identification and analysis of verbal phrases. The archaic forms art and hast are tagged as base forms, while hath and other forms in -th are tagged as 3rd singular (HVZ, VBZ). Contracted forms of auxiliaries have their regular tags joined to the subject tag by +, thus I'm, you've, and he'd are tagged PPSS+BEM, PPSS+HV, and PPS+MD respectively. Contracted negatives have the tag for not, *, immediately following the verb tag; thus can't is tagged MD*. Condensed forms in dialogue, such as gonna, are tagged for their morphemic constituency, VBG+TO.

Pronouns. Personal pronouns have tags beginning with PP, followed by one or more letters indicating case, concord, and sometimes number. All subject forms which concord with the base form of the verb in the present are tagged PPSS, regardless of person and number. Those that concord with the -s form of the present are tagged PPS. Forms in object function, whether or not morphologically marked, are tagged PPO. First possessives (e.g. my, our) are tagged PP$; second (nominal) possessives are tagged PP$$ (mine, our). Reflexive/intensive pronouns are tagged PPL if singular and PPLS if plural, with no distinction for case. Interrogatives and relatives begin with WP; subject forms are tagged WPS and object forms WPO.
Indefinite pronouns - compounds of any-, every-, no-, and some- - are tagged PN, or PN$ if they have the possessive suffix -'s.
So-called demonstrative pronouns - this, that, etc. - are treated as free-standing determiners and tagged accordingly: DT, DTI, DTS.

Adverbials. The general tag for adverbs is RB, with RBR and RBT for inflectional comparatives and superlatives. The case of qualifiers like very, fairly is discussed above under the Noun Phrase. Certain adverbs, mostly temporal or locative, which often function as nominals have been denominated «nominal adverbs» and tagged RN; thus here, then, indoors. Conversely, locative and temporal nouns which often function adverbially have been denominated «adverbial nouns» and tagged NR; thus home, east, Tuesday.
In the case of phrasal or two-part verbs, the attempt was at first made to distinguish between adverbs (hold out your hand) and particles (hold out for more money). It was found, however, that this necessitated a large number of arbitrary decisions, which might confuse or mislead those using the tagged Corpus. It was decided instead to consider this a syntactic and semantic rather than a taxonomic problem, and to give the «portmanteau» tag RP (for «adverb or particle») to the ten words about, across, down, in, off, on, out, over, through, and up, except when they are functioning as prepositions, when they receive the normal preposition tag IN.

Connectives. Coordinating conjunctions (and, or, etc.) are tagged CC and subordinators (since, because, if) CS. Prepositions are tagged IN. The word to is tagged TO when used as the infinitive marker.

Miscellaneous Items. The existential subject there is tagged EX, and thus distinguished from the homonymous adverb. Exclamations of various sorts, which have no syntactic function, are tagged UH; they occur mostly in the dialogue of the fictional samples. The word not is tagged *, which is joined to the verb tag in the case of contracted forms. The use of the foreign word tag FW and the metalinguistic citation tag NC has been explained above.

***
The tagging of the Corpus has been a long and arduous process, extending over several years and involving quite a few different people. Although elaborate proofreading and checking procedures have been used, it is inevitable that errors and inconsistencies remain. Users of the tagged Corpus detecting such errors and inconsistencies are urged to let us know so that they may be corrected. Lists of corrigenda will be sent from time to time to all holders of the tagged Corpus. Please address corrections and suggestions to the authors at Text Research, 196 Bowen Street, Providence RI 02906.

Capitalized Words, Titles, and Proper Nouns

The conventions of (non-sentence-initial) capitalisation in English are complex and to a considerable degree variable, unlike most other aspects of the writing system. This has presented a problem in tagging, which has been disposed of, if not settled, by arbitrary rules. These have been made as objective as possible, but there still remain cases where judgment is necessary and hence inconsistency is possible. The aim has been to identify capitalised uses as much as possible, but also to associate capitalised words with their lower-case alternatives. This has been done by means of the tags NP (with its inflected variants NPS, NPS, and NPSS) and TL. The former of these is a primary tag and the latter a tag hyphenated to other primary tags. The following procedures have been observed.

1. Sentence-initial capitals have been reduced to lower case for all words except those identified as bearing capitals when not initial.

2. Random capitalisation occurring in quotations from older sources or illiterate writers has been preserved, but without recognition by tag. The following sentence from Sample G38, a quotation from Defoe, illustrates eighteenth century practice:

The capitalized words in passages of this sort have been given their normal tags, but the spellings are preserved as variants in the lemmatized list.

3. The same practice has been followed with German nouns, commonly capitalized. They receive the tag FW-NN.

4. Words identifiable as «proper nouns,» that is, nouns used to designate particular individuals, types, or groups, without further semantic content, are tagged NP (NPS for plurals; NP$ and NPS$ for singular and plural possessives). Examples:

John	F.	Kennedy's	daughter	Caroline
NP	NP	NP$	NN	NP

5. Words occurring as constituents of titles, e.g. of books, plays, corporations, government agencies, etc., are given their normal tag with the addition of the hyphenated tag -TL. In most cases these words are capitalized, except for function-words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and sometimes pronouns. Some examples:

the United	States	of	America
VBN-TL	NNS-TL	IN-TL	NP-TL

Gulliver's	Travels
NP$-TL	NNS-TL

the Protestant	Episcopal	Church
JJ-TL	JJ-TL	NN-TL

It is to be noted that in some languages--French, for example--words in titles are often not capitalised:

Recherches	sur	l'identite'	des	forces	chimiques
FW-NNS-TL	FW-IN-TL	FW-AT+NN-TL	FW-IN+AT-TL	FW-NNS-TL	FW-JJ-TL
et	électriques
FW-CC-TL	FW-JJ-TL

6. A problem is presented by names of persons and places which are homographs (and often cognates) of common words. Somewhat arbitrarily, the following procedures have been followed:

a. Names of persons have all been tagged NP, regardless of their etymological status:

	Gen.	Thomas	Power
	NN-TL	NP	NP

cp.	Georgia	Power	Company
	NP-TL	NN-TL	NN-TL

b. Geographical terms and other descriptive words forming parts of place-names are given their basic tags followed by -TL

	the	Allegheny	Mountains
	AT	NP-TL	NNS-TL

	the	Great	Smoky	Mountains
	AT	JJ-TL	JJ-TL	NNS-TL

See «Allegheny Mountains» above

d. The titles Mr , Mrs., and Miss and Sir have been tagged NP.

e. Other titles of persons which have distribution as common nouns, adjectives, etc., have been given their regular tags plus -TL:

Mayor	William	B.	Hatfield
NN-TL	NP	NP	NP

Secretary	General	Dag	Hammarskjold
NN-TL	JJ-TL	NP	NP

g. Foreign and/or exotic titles not appearing as common nouns, etc., in the Corpus have been tagged NP:

Signora	Ferraro
NP	NP

LIST OF TAGS

Tag	Description	Examples
.	sentence closer	. ; ? !
(	left paren
)	right paren
*	not, n't
--	dash
,	comma
:	colon
ABL	pre-qualifier	quite, rather
ABN	pre-quantifier	half, all
ABX	pre-quantifier	both
AP	post-determiner	many, several, next
AT	article	a, the, no
BE	be
BED	were
BEDZ	was
BEG	being
BEM	am
BEN	been
BER	are, art
BEZ	is
CC	coordinating conjunction	and, or
CD	cardinal numeral	one, two, 2, etc.
CS	subordinating conjunction	if, although
DO	do
DOD	did
DOZ	does
DT	singular determiner	this, that
DTI	singular or plural determiner/quantifier	some, any
DTS	plural determiner	these, those
DTX	determiner/double conjunction	either
EX	existentil there
FW	foreign word (hyphenated before regular tag)
HL	word occurring in headline (hyphenated after regular tag)
HV	have
HVD	had (past tense)
HVG	having
HVN	had (past participle)
HVZ	has
IN	preposition
JJ	adjective
JJR	comparative adjective
JJS	semantically superlative adjective	chief, top
JJT	morphologically superlative adjective	biggest
MD	modal auxiliary	can, should, will
NC	cited word (hyphenated after regular tag)
NN	singular or mass noun
NN$	possessive singular noun
NNS	plural noun
NNS$	possessive plural noun
NP	proper noun or part of name phrase
NP$	possessive proper noun
NPS	plural proper noun
NPS$	possessive plural proper noun
NR	adverbial noun	home, today, west
NRS	plural adverbial noun
OD	ordinal numeral	first, 2nd
PN	nominal pronoun	everybody, nothing
PN$	possessive nominal pronoun
PP$	possessive personal pronoun	my, our
PP$$	second (nominal) possessive pronoun	mine, ours
PPL	singular reflexive/intensive personal pronoun	myself
PPLS	plural reflexive/intensive personal pronoun	ourselves
PPO	objective personal pronoun	me, him, it, them
PPS	3rd. singular nominative pronoun	he, she, it, one
PPSS	other nominative personal pronoun	I, we, they, you
QL	qualifier	very, fairly
QLP	post-qualifier	enough, indeed
RB	adverb
RBR	comparative adverb
RBT	superlative adverb
RN	nominal adverb	here then, indoors
RP	adverb/particle	about, off, up
TL	word occurring in title (hyphenated after
	regular tag)
TO	infinitive marker to
UH	interjection, exclamation
VB	verb, base form
VBD	verb, past tense
VBG	verb, present participle/gerund
VBN	verb, past participle
VBZ	verb, 3rd. singular present
WDT	wh- determiner	what, which
WP$	possessive wh- pronoun	whose
WPO	objective wh- pronoun	whom, which, that
WPS	nominative wh- pronoun	who, which, that
WQL	wh- qualifier	how
WRB	wh- adverb	how, where, when

NOTES

(1) Merged constructions are marked by the appropriate tags joined by +, except for *, which is affixed directly. For example:

isn't	BEZ*	he'd	PPS+HVD or PPS+MD
	there's	EX+BEZ or EX+HVZ or RN+BEZ

(2) The tags FW, NC, NP are given to single words, phrases, or sentences contained respectively in foreign phrases, cited passages, and compound or complex titles or names. The first two are hyphenated to the regular tag. For example:

mens	FW-NN	in	IN
sana	FW-JJ	drug	NN-NC
in	FW-IN	store	NN-NC
corpore	FW-NN	the	AT
sano	FW-JJ	primary	JJ
		stress	NN
		is	BEZ
		on	IN
		drug	NN-NC

(3) The tag -HL is hyphenated to the regular tags of words in headlines.

(4) The tag -TL is hyphenated to the regular tags of words in titles.

5. COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS

Forms A and B. Bergen Types I and II, Stanford Brown MARC Form.
Most of the selections from which the samples were chosen are under copyright. Copyright holders have generously permitted their use without payment of fee, with the understanding that the Corpus is to be used primarily for scholarly research in linguistics, stylistics, and other relevant disciplines, The following restrictions apply to all copies of the Corpus except Form C, which is discussed below; persons or institutions requesting copies of the tapes will be asked to subscribe to them before copies will be issued.
1. No copies of the tapes are to be made for any use except within the institution holding the tapes without the written permission of the Department of Linguistics at Brown University.
2. Print-outs of the Corpus or parts thereof are to be used only for bona fide research of a non-profit nature, Holders of copies of the Corpus tapes may not reproduce any samples or parts of samples other than short extracts considered to come under «fair use» provisions without getting written permission of the individual copyright holders, as listed in the detailed description of the individual samples later in this manual.
3. Commercial publishers and other non-academic organisations wishing to make public use of part or all of the Corpus must obtain permission from the Department of Linguistics, Brown University. They may be asked to get written permission from individual copyright holders. Form C.
The tagged Corpus is copyrighted in its entirety by W. N. Francis and Henry Kucera. Permission of one of the copyright holders must be obtained before any part of the tagged Corpus is reproduced in any form.

6. BASIC TECHNICAL INFORMATION

As described in Section 2 above, the Corpus is available in several formats. Forms A, B. and C are available from the authors.
Forms A and B contain only the text. Form C contains both the text and the grammatical annotation, as described in Section 4 above.
The only difference between Forms A and B is that Form A includes all of the graphic coding described in Section 3 above, while all this graphic coding except hyphens, apostrophes, and symbols for formulas and ellipses has been removed from Form B. In all other respects the formating of Forms A and B is identical. The format of the tagged Form C, on the other hand, is quite different. It is described in detail later in this Section.

Forms A and B: The Corpus Text.
The organization of the text data on tape corresponds to the punched format described above. The data is recorded in card-image form, i.e. all cards (including correction cards and other incompletely filled cards) are reproduced in their entirety. Each logical record on the tape thus consists of 80 characters, of which the first 70 represent the text proper and the last 10 are reserved for the location marker. The structure of the location marker in Forms A and B is that given in Section 3 above. (The user should be cautioned that the structure of the location marker is different in the tagged Form C, described below, where the location marker contains more information).
In the standard versions of the Corpus, the 80-character records are blocked by a factor of 40, so that the blocksize is 3200 characters. Users desiring copies of the tape in Form A or B with a different blocksize should make special arrangements with the authors.
Forms A and B are available in upper-case characters only, in either ASCII or EBCDIC coding, on 9-channel tapes in the following densities: 800, 1600, and 6250 BPI. (7-channel tapes are available by special arrangement only). The tapes have an IBM standard label. Users who do not wish the label included should make a specific request to this effect.
Since the Corpus contains 500 separate samples, it was considered desirable to indicate the end of each sample by easily discernible means. This is accomplished by signaling the end of each sample by the insertion of 69 or more blanks. It should be emphasised (as already specified above) that less than 69 blanks do not indicate the end of a sample but are equivalent to a single blank in the coding system (see Text). Since sample size and tape record length are independent of each other, the end of a sample does not necessarily coincide with the end of a tape record.

Form C, the Tagged Version.
The tagged version of the Corpus consists of 1,136,857 fixed-length records,7 with each record 52 characters long. In the normal format of Form C, these records are blocked by a factor of 100, so that each block consists of 5200 characters. In this format, two 2400-foot tapes are needed to accommodate the entire tagged Corpus. Users desiring copies of the tapes with a different blocksize should make special arrangements with the authors.
Form C is available in either ASCII or EBCDIC coding, on 9-channel tapes in the following densities: 800, 1600, and 6250 BPI (7-channel tapes are available by special arrangement only). The tapes have an IBM standard label. Users who do not wish the label included should make a special request to that effect.
Each of the 1,136,857 records contains three items of information: the word or external punctuation symbol; the grammatical tag; and the location marker which specifies the position of the word in the Corpus. These three items of information are given in fixed-length fields within each record, and the information is left-justified within each field. The layout of the fields comprising a record is as follows:

Lexical Items (Columns 1-30) consist of graphic words or numerals, and are coded in upper-case ASCII or EBCDIC character. Capitalization is indicated only for proper names; the symbol for capitalization is an asterisk [*] immediately preceding the capitalised letter. No capitalization is given for sentence-initial letters. So, for example, the opening phrase of the Corpus, the Fulton County Grand Jury said Fried consists of seven records, whose lexical items are coded as follows:

Aside from the symbol for capitalization, three symbols of internal-record punctuation are utilised: a hyphen, an apostrophe, and an abbreviation period. The abbreviation period, which (as explained below) is distinct from the sentential period, follows directly the last character of the abbreviated word. For example, the date Aug. 31 consists of two records, and is coded as follows:

No lexical item given in columns 1-30 contains any internal blanks.

External Punctuation. There are nine symbols and six tags used for external punctuation. The symbols are period t [.], exclamation mark [!], question mark [?], semicolon [;], comma [,], colon [:], dash [coded as two hyphens, --], left parenthesis [(], and right parenthesis [)]. Each occurrence of such external punctuation constitutes a separate record: the punctuation symbol is in column 1 (or columns l and 2 in the case of a dash). The tags for punctuation symbols are identical to the punctuation symbols themselves, except that period, exclamation mark, question mark, and semicolon, which are considered sentence delimiters, all have the same tag, [.]. There are thus six different tags for the nine punctuation symbols (see List of Tag). The tag is in column 31 (columns 31 and 32 for dash), and the location marker, of the same structure as that for other lexical items (cf. below), is in columns 42-52.

Grammatical Tags (columns 31-41) begin in column 31 and consist of continuous strings of upper-case characters and certain special symbols, as listed in List of Tags.

Location Markers (columns 42-52). Each location marker begins in column 42 and is eleven characters long. The first three positions identify the genre and sample number in which the word occurs. Genres, identified in the first position of the location marker by a single letter of the alphabet (A through R. omitting I, O, and Q; see List for the full list) are the fifteen mayor categories of samples. Positions 2 and 3 of the location marker give the sample number within the genre; these are individually listed on pages 33-176 below. Positions 4-7 give the line number of the word's occurrence, according to the original numbering of Forms A and B. and positions 8 and 9 specify the sequential location of the word in that line. Thus, in contrast to Forms A and B. where the location extends only to the line of text in which a word occurs, in Form C each word has a unique location marker. So, for example, the first nine positions of the location marker A02103014 identify the word as occurring in genre A, sample 2, line 1030, and as the 14th word in that line.
The last two positions of the location marker are invariable and contain the symbols E1 (for English Corpus One); they are included simply to differentiate this data set from other grammatically analysed corpora which may become available.
The following is an example of an actual record from Form C:

SAID

VBD

A01001006E1

This record identifies the word sold as the past tense form of a verb and locates it in genre A, sample l, line 1, as the sixth word in that line.

7 This number is considerably larger than the total number of words given on p. 1 above because certain external punctuation marks (see below) are treated as separate «words.»

7. THE INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES

The following pages list the 500 samples of the Corpus individually. Each entry contains the following information:

Sample Number.	Author (if known) and title.
	Publication Information.
	Copyright statement.
		Number of Lines

Special Information: typographical errors and inconsistencies, arbitrary hyphens, and other relevant information about the text.

Word Count

Number and percentage of words in quotes.

Number of symbols and formulas.

In the case of samples drawing from more than one source (principally in the Press sections A-C) the lines occupied by each subsample are indicated.

LIST OF SAMPLES

A B C D E F G H J K L M N P R